'Christ the Lord Is Risen Today' is a Christian hymn associated with Easter. Most of the stanzas were written by Charles Wesley, and the hymn appeared under the title 'Hymn for Easter Day' in Hymns and Sacred Poems by Charles and John Wesley in 1739. The hymn eventually became well known for the 'Alleluia' sung as a melisma after each line, which was added by an unknown author, probably to fit the commonly used hymn tune, 'Easter Hymn'. It remains a traditional processional hymn on Easter Sunday.^[1]

History[edit]

Charles Wesley, the co-founder of the Methodist movement, wrote 'Christ the Lord Is Risen Today' in 1739 where it was initially titled 'Hymn for Easter Day'. He based it on an older anonymous Bohemian hymn titled 'Jesus Christ is Risen Today'.^[2] The new hymn was first performed at the first service at The Foundery Meeting House after Wesley had adapted it into the first Methodist chapel.^[3]Following this, Wesley published it in the Hymns and Sacred Poems hymnal of 1739, initially with eleven verses of four lines each.^[4] The hymn was subsequently published in the hymnal A Collection of Hymns for the Use of the People called Methodists,^[5] and in 1754, it appeared in Harmonia Sacra, a hymnal compiled by Thomas Butts.^[6][7]

The hymn was later edited by Martin Madan for inclusion in his Psalms and Hymns hymnal (1769) by removing the seventh, eighth and ninth verses. The hymn eventually became popular in the Church of England from around 1780. Charles Welsey's brother, John Wesley excluded it from the Wesleyan Methodist Church's Wesleyan Hymn Book,^[4] which John did to preclude the inclusion of any specific seasonal hymns. It was not until 1831, when the Supplement to the Collection was published by an unknown Methodist, that 'Christ the Lord is Risen Today' made it into the hymnals of the Methodist Church regularly.^[2] Prior to this hymn being published, church music had maintained a similar style of dynamics to music and chants from the Biblical period. 'Christ the Lord Is Risen Today' was written as a more uplifting style of worship expressing personal feelings to God that eventually became the bedrock of Christian music into the modern era.^[3]

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The composition of 'Christ the Lord Is Risen Today' originally consisted of eleven verses of four lines, which were later reduced to six,^[8] and early in the 19th century 'Alleluia' was added to the end of each line.^[8] This results in 'Alleluia' appearing twenty-four times in the hymn. It is not known why this was done, but it is speculated by hymn analysts that it was to ensure that the hymn fit the 'Easter Hymn' tune.^[5] The hymn led to a more popular awareness of Alleluia being used for Easter to celebrate the Resurrection of Jesus.^[5]

The Methodist historian Bernard Lord Manning said about it:

But in the evening at the chapel, though I was uncertain about the prayers, there was no gamble about the hymns. I knew we should have Charles Wesley's Easter hymn, 'Christ the Lord Is Risen Today,' with its 24 'Alleluias': and we did have it. Among any Dissenters worth the name that hymn is as certain to come on Easter Day as the Easter Collect in the Established Church (the Church of England). And mark this further—those 24 'Alleluias' are not there for nothing: the special use of 'Alleluia' at Easter comes down to us from the most venerable liturgies. Our hymns are our liturgy, an excellent liturgy. Let us study it, respect it, use it, develop it, and boast of it.^[5]

'Christ the Lord Is Risen Today' has been considered by many Christian hymnologists such as William Studwell, as being the most definitive church anthem for Easter.^[9] It is an example where Roman Catholics and Anglicans cease using the word 'Alleluia' during the period of Lent but restore it into their services on Easter Sunday.^[5]

Beyond Methodism and Anglicanism, 'Christ the Lord Is Risen Today' has been adopted by other Christian denominations; Baptists have adopted the hymn.^[10] Likewise, Presbyterians have been singing the hymn since at least the 19th century where it was also included in hymnals used for missionary work in the colonies of the British Empire.^[11] The hymn is also used by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; however the church's hymnnals only contain three verses of the hymn and have an altered text for them.^[12][13]

The hymn is a variation of an earlier hymn 'Jesus Christ Is Risen Today', a 14th-century Latin hymn which had been translated into English and published in Lyra Davidica in 1708 (and later in 1749 in Arnold's Compleat Psalmodist). In some hymnals, Jesus Christ Is Risen Today is in fact the three-stanza Compleat Psalmodist version with one or more of the additional stanzas written by Wesley appended. Though 'Christ the Lord Is Risen Today' gained early popularity from within the Church of England, over time the Anglicans' preference moved towards 'Jesus Christ Is Risen Today' and away from Wesley's hymn.^[2]

Text[edit]

Each verse of 'Christ the Lord Is Risen Today' features a focus on the Resurrection of Jesus. For the final verse, Wesley uses descriptive language to describe four requirements for Christians to enjoy eternal life with God. The focusses are for Christians: to know God, to bear witness to God, to sing their faith and to love one another.^[14]

The lyrics of 'Christ the Lord Is Risen Today' draw inspiration from a number of Biblical texts. The overall focus of the hymn is drawn from Matthew 28:5–6 where Mary Magdalene and the other Mary is told by an angel of Jesus' resurrection.^[4] The wording as well as the 'Alleluias' are drawn from the Book of Psalms with a number of Psalms being used including Psalms 106, 111, 112, 113, 117 and 135.^[5] It also alludes to Revelation 19 where it is said that during the Rapture that 'Alleluia' will sing out from Heaven.^[5]

In 1989, the United Methodist Church's United Methodist Hymnal altered the second line of the first verse from 'Sons of men and angels say' to 'Earth and Heaven in chorus say'. The change was one of many gender-neutralizing lyrical alterations the hymnal made in a professed effort to make the hymns more inclusive.^[15] This altered version has since been adopted by some other Christian denominations.^[4]

Tune[edit]

When 'Christ, the Lord, is ris'n today' was published by Thomas Butts in his 1754 hymnal Harmonia Sacra, it was paired with the tune 'Maccabaeus'. The rousing melody was originally composed by George Frideric Handel, initially for his 1747 oratorio Joshua, and later added to his 1746 oratorio Judas Maccabaeus. This choice of a militaristic theme was intended to reinforce the metaphorical depiction of the resurrected Christ as a victorious warrior who has vanquished death and the powers of evil. Today, this tune is popularly associated with the 1923 hymn 'Thine Be the Glory'.^[6][7][16]

Today there are two tunes commonly used for 'Christ the Lord Is Risen Today', these are 'Easter Hymn' and 'Llanfair'. 'Easter Hymn', the most used tune for the hymn, was originally titled 'The Resurrection' and published anonymously in Lyra Davidica in 1708.^[17] Despite being anonymous, over time it has been misattributed to J. W. Worgan, Henry Carey and George Frederick Handel.^[18] The writer James T. Lightwood said of it: 'there is probably no tune in Christendom so universally sung on any festal day as the Easter hymn, with its rolling 'Hallelujah', on Easter morning.'^[17] 'Christ the Lord Is Risen Today' also gained popularity as a children's hymn by editors of children's hymnals. This was attributed to the tune being easy to learn despite the complex language within the text.^[18]

'Llanfair' was written by Robert Williams in Llanfairpwllgwyngyll, Anglesey, Wales and the tune was named after the town.^[19] This hymn tune was also harmonised by the Director of Music of University College, Oxford, David Evans.^[19] Other hymn tunes used for 'Christ the Lord Is Risen Today' are 'Orientis Partibus', 'Savannah,' and 'Resurrexit'. One of these could potentially have been the original tune when it was first performed by Wesley, but this is unknown.^[20]

British composer John Rutter published a choral arrangement of the 'Christ The Lord Is Risen Today', using the 'Easter Hymn' tune, in 2016.^[21]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^'Easter Processional on Christ the Lord Is Risen Today; Alleluia'. Concordia Publishing House. 15 December 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
2. ^ ^abc'Christ the Lord is risen today'. Canterbury Dictionary of Hymnology. Retrieved 13 January 2018.(subscription required)
3. ^ ^abCollins, Ace (2009). 'Christ the Lord is Risen Today'. Stories Behind the Traditions and Songs of Easter. Zondervan. ISBN031054226X.
4. ^ ^abcd'Christ the Lord is risen today'. Hymnary.org. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
5. ^ ^abcdefgHansen, Collin (8 August 2008). ''Hymn for Easter Day''. Christianity Today. Retrieved 13 January 2018.(subscription required)
6. ^ ^abTemperley, Nicholas; Banfield, Stephen. Music and the Wesleys. University of Illinois Press. p. 15. ISBN978-0-252-07767-8. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
7. ^ ^abButts, Thomas (1754). 'Christ, the Lord, is ris'n today'. Harmonia Sacra, or a Compilation of Psalm and Hymn Tunes (1816 ed.). Andover: Flagg & gould. p. 118.
8. ^ ^ab'History of Hymns 'Christ the Lord Is Risen Today''. United Methodist Church. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
9. ^Studwell, William (1996). The National and Religious Song Reader: Patriotic, Traditional, and Sacred Songs from Around the World. Psychology Press. p. 143. ISBN0789000997.
10. ^'Baptist Hymnal 1991 159. Christ the Lord is risen today'. Hymnary.org. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
11. ^Hope, Charles (1842). A Selection of Hymns for the use of Presbyterian Churches in Jamaica (2nd ed.). C. Hope. p. 206. OCLC561377501.
12. ^'Christ the Lord Is Risen Today'. LDS Church. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
13. ^'Christ The Lord Is Risen Today - Mormon Tabernacle Choir'. BBC Music. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
14. ^Chilcote, Paul Wesley (2009). The Song Forever New: Lent and Easter with Charles Wesley. Church Publishing, Inc. pp. 151–152. ISBN0819227250.
15. ^United Methodist Communications (10 April 2017). 'Risen today! A Wesley hymn devotion for Easter'. UMC. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
16. ^Til, Marian Van. 'Guns to Good Effect'. George Frideric Handel: A Music Lover's Guide to His Life, His Faith & the Development of Messiah and His Other Oratorios. WordPower Publishing. p. 16. ISBN978-0-9794785-0-5. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
17. ^ ^abClapp-Itnyre, Alisa (2016). '1. Congregational Singing and Musical Education'. British Hymn Books for Children, 1800–1900: Re-Tuning the History of Childhood. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN1472407016.
18. ^ ^ab'Christ the Lord is risen today — British 19th Century Children's Hymns'. Indiana University East. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
19. ^ ^abMulder, John (2014). '11. Christ the Lord Is Risen Today'. 28 Hymns to Sing before You Die. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN1630874116.
20. ^'Hymn story, Christ the Lord Is Risen Today'. Sermonwriter.com. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
21. ^'Christ the Lord is risen today - John Rutter'. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 21 February 2018.

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Further reading[edit]

• 'Hymn Texts and Tunes'. Evangelical Lutheran Hymnary Handbook. Retrieved 18 July 2005. which cites Handbook to The Lutheran Hymnal
• 'Christ the Lord is risen today'. Oremus Hymnal. Archived from the original on 10 September 2005. Retrieved 18 July 2005.
• 'Jesus Christ is risen today'. Oremus Hymnal. Archived from the original on 19 June 2005. Retrieved 18 July 2005.

External links[edit]

• Text, MIDI, and piano score from HymnSite.com
• Christ the Lord is Risen Today (mp3 is organ-only)

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Abstract

First posted February 6, 2020

Director, National Minerals Information Center
U.S. Geological Survey
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Email: nmicrecordsmgt@usgs.gov

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Each chapter of the 2020 edition of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Mineral Commodity Summaries (MCS) includes information on events, trends, and issues for each mineral commodity as well as discussions and tabular presentations on domestic industry structure, Government programs, tariffs, 5-year salient statistics, and world production and resources. The MCS is the earliest comprehensive source of 2019 mineral production data for the world. More than 90 individual minerals and materials are covered by two-page synopses.

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U.S. Geological Survey, 2020, Mineral commodity summaries 2020: U.S. Geological Survey, 200 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/mcs2020.

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Table of Contents

• Introduction
• The Role of Nonfuel Minerals in the U.S. Economy
• Significant Events, Trends, and Issues
• 2019 U.S. Net Import Reliance
• Major Import Sources of Nonfuel Mineral Commodities in 2019
• Table 1—U.S. Mineral Industry Trends
• Table 2—U.S. Mineral-Related Economic Trends
• Table 3—Value of Nonfuel Mineral Production in the United States in 2019
• Mineral Commodities
• Appendix A—Abbreviations and Units of Measure
• Appendix B—Definitions of Selected Terms Used in this Report
• Appendix C—Reserves and Resources
• Appendix D—Country Specialists Directory

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